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A good starting point was to determine which quantities can detected and/or measured using technology available to us today, regardless of cost, size, availability, etc.
One approach was to see what some of the most advanced and well-known machinery can sense. NASA's Mars rovers (newest one is Perseverance) would really be the perfect tricorders if only they could fit into our pockets and not cost billions of dollars
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Cost, weight, size, and power consumption are some of the factors that determine which of the commercially available sensors to include in the final device.
For example, I think it would be really neat to have a mass spectrometer as part of the device so I can study samples of soil .and rock However, the tiniest mass spectrometer is still too large, and the cheapest one is still too expensive.
The selection can be difficult when dealing with gas sensors..
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The TSL2591 high dynamic range sensor board measures visible and infrared light. Uses two didodes (center of image) to detect full spectrum and infrared intensities, Can measure between 188 uLux up to 88,000 Lux on the fly. The sensor has a massive dynamic range of 600,000,000:1.
What I like most is that it can be used both outdoors and indoors without returning garbage values (as long as the correct gain is set).
LTR390 measures UVA light with a peak spectral response between 300 and 350nm. It also measures ambient light. The ADC can have a have a resolution of either 13,16,17,18,19, or 20 bits. The higher the resolution, the slower the reading (between 1s and 25ms).
AS7341 is an 11-Channel Multi-Spectral Digital Sensor (10 visible, 1 near-IR).
This is a really cool analog sensor that can measure wind speed (i.e., anemometer, hot-probe type). Weather stations usually use the rotating anemometers but that won't work on a mobile device.
Name: Electret Microphone Amplifier - MAX9814 with Auto Gain Control
Vendor: Adafruit
Type: Analog
Measures: Noise level